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CONTAMINANT

1,4-Dioxane

FOUND

Exceeding guidelines

STATES DETECTED

45

serves

97 million

utilities detected

2,320

states detected

13

serves

4.3 million

utilities detected

123

Overview

1,4-Dioxane is a solvent classified by the EPA as a likely human carcinogen. It contaminates groundwater in many states due to industrial wastewater discharges, plastic manufacturing runoff and landfill runoff. learn more about this contaminant

Animal studies show that 1,4-dioxane can target the liver, kidneys and respiratory system, and that prenatal exposure can harm the developing fetus. The State of California has set a Public Heatlh Goal of no more than 1 part per billion of 1,4-dioxane in drinking water. The state of Massachusetts sets a legal limit of 0.3 ppb, and New Hampshire's limit is 3 parts per billion. There is no national drinking water standard for this contaminant.

Click here to read more about 1,4-dioxane.

State, National, and Health Guidelines for Drinking Water

EWG Health Guideline: 0.35 ppb

The EWG Health Guideline of 0.35 ppb for 1,4-dioxane was defined by the Environmental Protection Agency as a one-in-a-million lifetime risk of cancer. Values greater than one-in-a-million cancer risk level can result in increased cancer cases above one in a million people.

ppb = parts per billion

National Standard Exists

Health Concerns:

  • Cancer

  • Irritation of the lungs

  • Harm to the kidney

Want to remove
1,4-Dioxane from your water?

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Reverse Osmosis, 

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1,4-Dioxane around the Country

UTILITIES REPORTING ABOVE HEALTH GUIDELINES UTILITIES WITH CONTAMINATION
State Utilities People Served Utilities People Served
California341,712,80519819,194,328
New York7444,00048014,590,708
Texas001277,449,030
Florida00826,384,296
Pennsylvania356,299915,769,735
New Jersey7180,7991505,618,016
Ohio4175,5291183,941,229
North Carolina481,161,6821593,108,903
Arizona00282,840,432
Illinois9312,7091372,522,860
Indiana00652,440,613
Alabama359,973732,340,432
South Carolina001112,180,449
Tennessee247,418321,978,475
Missouri00221,877,090
Kentucky00361,591,072
Georgia00441,463,203
Massachusetts00541,238,968
Louisiana00201,232,848
New Mexico0010969,763
Colorado368,89819746,412
Minnesota122,90219720,842
Iowa0054709,561
Washington007695,851
Michigan111,05517676,286
Connecticut0011655,785
Wisconsin0018601,614
Nevada005561,515
Delaware0010485,435
Idaho005402,462
Virginia0012361,799
West Virginia0029274,029
Hawaii004181,001
Nebraska009168,431
Rhode Island007167,047
Oregon003139,125
Maryland005125,743
Oklahoma001387,420
Mississippi00362,874
Utah00357,270
New Hampshire1600846,001
Montana00432,270
Kansas00432,054
Arkansas00528,570
Vermont00914,330

Utilities with the highest amounts of 1,4-dioxane, 2013-2023

ALL UTILITIES
LARGE UTILITIES
Utility Location Tests Average level People served
Chatham Co-asbury*Pittsboro, NC4 of 45.83 ppb1,437
City of Sanford*Sanford, NC4 of 45.83 ppb47,302
Goldston-Gulf Sanitary DistrictGoldston, NC4 of 45.83 ppb1,285
Broadway, Town ofBroadway, NC4 of 45.83 ppb1,783
Carolina Trace Water SystemCharlotte, NC4 of 45.83 ppb4,270
South Midway City Mutual Water CompanyHuntington Beach, CA16 of 164.78 ppb825
New BrightonNew Brighton, MN2 of 24.20 ppb22,902
Maywood Mutual Water Company #3Maywood, CA45 of 454.10 ppb9,500
Tract 349 Mutual Water Co.Cudahy, CA32 of 333.78 ppb3,132
Tract 180 Mutual Water CompanyCudahy, CA49 of 493.71 ppb14,000
Bragg Communities/ntaFort Liberty, NC4 of 43.55 ppb3,733
Lillington Water SystemLillington, NC4 of 43.55 ppb3,883
Graystone S/dFuquay-varina, NC4 of 43.55 ppb50
Coats, Town ofCoats, NC4 of 43.55 ppb2,831
Angier, Town ofAngier, NC4 of 43.55 ppb8,468
Lillington Water System-riverbluffLillington, NC4 of 43.55 ppb93
Woodlake Water & Sewer Inc.Denver, NC4 of 43.55 ppb1,945
East Moore Water District*Carthage, NC4 of 43.55 ppb7,990
Moore County Public Utilities-hidden Lakes S/dCarthage, NC4 of 43.55 ppb165
Woodland Run Mobile Home S/dDenver, NC4 of 43.55 ppb108
Harnett County Department of Public Utilities*Lillington, NC4 of 43.55 ppb109,415
Lillington Water System - VandercroftLillington, NC4 of 43.55 ppb629
Linden, Town ofLinden, NC4 of 43.55 ppb2,077
Town of Holly SpringsHolly Springs, NC4 of 43.28 ppb45,058
Old North Utilities Services/Ft. BraggFort Liberty, NC4 of 43.20 ppb65,000
Maywood Mutual Water Company #1Huntington Park, CA44 of 443.04 ppb5,500
Falcon Water System*Falcon, NC4 of 42.95 ppb714
City of Dunn*Dunn, NC4 of 42.95 ppb12,088
Eastover Sanitary DistrictEastover, NC4 of 42.95 ppb7,571
HempsteadHempstead, NY63 of 652.81 ppb56,000
Lynwood Park Mutual Water CompanyCompton, CA68 of 682.74 ppb2,300
United Water CamdenCamden, NJ2 of 22.70 ppb46,585
Beaver Falls Municipal Authority*Beaver Falls, PA4 of 42.66 ppb50,000
Borough of ConwayConway, PA4 of 42.66 ppb2,176
Zelienople BoroughZelienople, PA4 of 42.66 ppb4,123
California Water Service Company - East Los AngelesSan Jose, CA258 of 3122.60 ppb151,902
Cal-am Water Company - DuarteRosemead, CA20 of 402.57 ppb24,703
Cape Fear Public Utility Authority - Wilmington*Wilmington, NC15 of 162.38 ppb180,516
Pender County UtilitiesBurgaw, NC10 of 102.21 ppb30,506
Brunswick Regional Water and Sewer H2goLeland, NC4 of 42.21 ppb45,748
Bellflower Municipal Water System*Rosemead, CA24 of 242.13 ppb5,999
Bellflower - Somerset MWC*Bellflower, CA127 of 1282.06 ppb46,300
Bellflower Home Gardens Water CompanyBellflower, CA127 of 1282.06 ppb1,129
Liberty Utilities - Bellflower - NorwalkDowney, CA31 of 372.00 ppb72,964
Aqua NJ - Eastern DivisionHamilton, NJ7 of 91.99 ppb12,000
Golden State Water Company (GSWC) - NorwalkSanta Fe Springs, CA8 of 131.97 ppb42,997
NJ American Water - Washington/OxfordCherry Hill, NJ28 of 361.95 ppb10,719
Collingswood Water DeparPennsauken, NJ23 of 231.95 ppb24,500
Merchantville PennsaukenPennsauken, NJ59 of 591.94 ppb47,144
Pear Meadows S/dDenver, NC7 of 81.92 ppb178

* This water utility supplies finished drinking water to at least one other water utility. The purchasing utility is not required to test for or report 1,4-Dioxane, but it likely has the contaminant in its water supply.

UtilityLocationTestsAverage levelPeople served
City of Sanford*Sanford, NC4 of 45.83 ppb47,302
New BrightonNew Brighton, MN2 of 24.20 ppb22,902
Tract 180 Mutual Water CompanyCudahy, CA49 of 493.71 ppb14,000
Harnett County Department of Public Utilities*Lillington, NC4 of 43.55 ppb109,415
Town of Holly SpringsHolly Springs, NC4 of 43.28 ppb45,058
Old North Utilities Services/Ft. BraggFort Liberty, NC4 of 43.20 ppb65,000
City of Dunn*Dunn, NC4 of 42.95 ppb12,088
HempsteadHempstead, NY63 of 652.81 ppb56,000
United Water CamdenCamden, NJ2 of 22.70 ppb46,585
Beaver Falls Municipal Authority*Beaver Falls, PA4 of 42.66 ppb50,000
California Water Service Company - East Los AngelesSan Jose, CA258 of 3122.60 ppb151,902
Cal-am Water Company - DuarteRosemead, CA20 of 402.57 ppb24,703
Cape Fear Public Utility Authority - Wilmington*Wilmington, NC15 of 162.38 ppb180,516
Pender County UtilitiesBurgaw, NC10 of 102.21 ppb30,506
Brunswick Regional Water and Sewer H2goLeland, NC4 of 42.21 ppb45,748
Bellflower - Somerset MWC*Bellflower, CA127 of 1282.06 ppb46,300
Liberty Utilities - Bellflower - NorwalkDowney, CA31 of 372.00 ppb72,964
Aqua NJ - Eastern DivisionHamilton, NJ7 of 91.99 ppb12,000
Golden State Water Company (GSWC) - NorwalkSanta Fe Springs, CA8 of 131.97 ppb42,997
NJ American Water - Washington/OxfordCherry Hill, NJ28 of 361.95 ppb10,719
Collingswood Water DeparPennsauken, NJ23 of 231.95 ppb24,500
Merchantville PennsaukenPennsauken, NJ59 of 591.94 ppb47,144
Town of Fuquay-Varina*Fuquay-varina, NC7 of 81.92 ppb39,065
Norwalk Water DepartmentNorwalk, CA80 of 941.92 ppb17,790
Brunswick County Water System*Bolivia, NC10 of 121.78 ppb152,030
Endicott Municipal Water WorksEndicott, NY32 of 321.78 ppb45,000
Mesa Water DistrictCosta Mesa, CA72 of 991.72 ppb110,000
Huntington Park Water DepartmentHuntington Park, CA35 of 371.70 ppb15,275
Lynwood Water DepartmentLynwood, CA70 of 841.70 ppb66,967
Downey Water DepartmentDowney, CA9 of 91.64 ppb109,946
Bethpage WDBethpage, NY72 of 1991.62 ppb33,000
Fayetteville Public Works Commission*Fayetteville, NC15 of 201.60 ppb214,137
City of Fountain ValleyFountain Valley, CA50 of 751.56 ppb56,747
Rockford*Rockford, IL21 of 551.50 ppb147,051
Loves ParkLoves Park, IL9 of 291.46 ppb24,000
Paramount Water DepartmentParamount, CA35 of 421.40 ppb55,200
Golden State Water Company (GSWC) - ArtesiaSanta Fe Springs, CA4 of 111.35 ppb50,230
Park WC - LynwoodDowney, CA8 of 131.33 ppb24,171
Gloucester City W DepartmentGloucester, NJ14 of 141.32 ppb12,460
Irvine Ranch Water District*Irvine, CA349 of 9011.28 ppb468,941
West Morgan-East Lawrence Water Authority*Decatur, AL3 of 41.27 ppb30,000
Compton Water DepartmentCompton, CA26 of 331.19 ppb74,877
Town of Oak IslandOak Island, NC1 of 11.10 ppb23,896
South Adams County Water and Sanitation District*Commerce City, CO20 of 281.10 ppb68,603
Water Authority of Western NassauNew Hyde Park, NY160 of 1971.09 ppb120,000
Riverside Highland Water CompanyGrand Terrace, CA7 of 101.04 ppb19,503
Fairfield City PWSFairfield, OH2 of 21.03 ppb44,907
South Gate Water DepartmentSouth Gate, CA96 of 1411.03 ppb76,443
Morristown Water System*Morristown, TN4 of 41.01 ppb38,257
Lakewood Water Department*Lakewood, CA11 of 190.996 ppb63,066

* This water utility supplies finished drinking water to at least one other water utility. The purchasing utility is not required to test for or report 1,4-Dioxane, but it likely has the contaminant in its water supply.

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